ENDINGS OF THE GENITIVE CASE OF SINGULAR IN NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSIONS: NORM AND UZUS

Larysa KOLIBABA,
PhD in Philology, Senior Researcher of the Department of Grammar and Scientific Terminology,
Institute of the Ukrainian Language of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine;
4, Mykhaila Hrushevskoho St., Kyiv, 01001, Ukraine;
e-mail: kolibaba79@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5309

Heading: LANGUAGE STANDARDS: CONSTANT AND CHANGING
Language: Ukrainian

Abstract
One of the changes in the “Ukrainian Оrthography” of 2019, which modern speakers perceived controversially, is the codification of the ending -и in the genitive саse of singular of feminine nouns of the III declension. According to the current grammatical norm, for all feminine nouns ending in -и after the preceding consonant (вість, радість, смерть, честь, хоробрість etc.), as well as for the nouns кров, любов, осінь, сіль, Русь, Білорусь normative the genitive case singular has the endings -i and –и. However, today the ending –и is also on the periphery of linguistic usage.
The vast majority of modern speakers who do not use the ending –и in the genitive сase of singular of nouns of the III declension justify their position mostly by subjective factors of a stylistic and evaluative nature. Instead, scientific facts testify that: 1) the use of the ending –u in the genitive case of singular of feminine nouns of the III declension is a specific morphological feature of the Ukrainian language and corresponds to the historical patterns of the development of its grammatical system; 2) the case-ending –и is widely used in the entire territory of the functioning of the Ukrainian language and in dialects; 3) this ending was also used by the classics of Ukrainian literature – I. Kotlyarevskyi and T. Shevchenko; 4) feminine nouns of the III declension with the ending -u in the genitive case are widely recorded in lexicographical sources, artistic, scientific and journalistic texts of the 19th – the first third of the 20th centuries; 5) the use of nouns of the III declension in the genitive case of singular with the ending -u is a recovered, not a new, morphological norm of the Ukrainian literary language, which was subjected to ideological pressure during the era of totalitarianism, and as a result was removed from linguistic usage; 6) the main reason for the restoration of the normative ending –u is the need to eliminate the homonymy of case forms of nouns of the III declension.
Key words: ending, nouns of the III declension, genitive сase of singular, “Ukrainian Оrthography”.

REFERENCES
Atlas of the Ukrainian language: in 3 vol. (1984–2001). Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Avdieieva, S. (2001). The use of the inflection –и in the form of the genitive case of singular of nouns of the third and fourth declensions in the Ukrainian language. Scientific Note. Series: Philological sciences (linguistics), 31, 20–24 (in Ukr.).
Barannyk, D.Kh. (1997). The new Ukrainian orthography or the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography”? Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 76–78). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Bevzenko, C.P. (1960). Historical morphology of the Ukrainian language. Uzhhorod: Zakarpatske oblasne vydavnytstvo (in Ukr.).
Buriachok, A.A. (1997). About the concept of the new (final) edition of Ukrainian orthography. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 26–30). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Chuchka, P.P. (1997). Regarding the preparation of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography”. Оrthography Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 34–38). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Demianchuk, V. (1928). Morphology of Ukrainian letters of the 14th – first half of the 15th century. A separate print from “Notes of the Historical and Philological Department” (vol. XVI, p. 73). Kyiv: Z drukarni Akademii Nauk (in Ukr.).
History of the Ukrainian language. Morphology. Bevzenko, S.P., Hryshchenko, A.P., Lukinova, T.B., Nimchuk, V.V., Rusanivskyi, V.M., Samiilenko, S.P. (1978). Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Holovashchuk, S.I. (1997). To the orthography of the endings of declined words. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 81–86). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Horniatkevych, A. (1997). [Speech]. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 41–44). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Karpenko, Yu.O. (1997). Proposals for a new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography”. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 130–131). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Kernytskyi, I.M. (1967). The system of word change in the Ukrainian language based on the materials of monuments of the 16th century. Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Kolibaba, L. (2023 a). Changes in the codification of endings of conjugated words in the “Ukrainian Orthography” of 2019. Ukrainian language, 1, 68–99 (in Ukr.).
Kolibaba, L. (2023 b). The Influence of Language Policy in the Era of Totalitarianism on the Grammatical Standards of the Ukrainian Literary Language. Slavia Orientalis, LXXII, 357–370 (in Ukr.).
Kots-Hryhorchuk, L. (1997). For a unified Ukrainian Оrthography. About Ukrainian Оrthography and language problems: a collection of reports of the language section of the 16th Annual Conference of Ukrainian Problems (Urbana-Shampein, Ill., 20–25 chervnia 1997) (pp. 87–95). Niu-York – Lviv (in Ukr.).
Matviias, I.H. (1974). Noun in the Ukrainian language. Kyiv: Radianska shkola (in Ukr.).
Nimchuk, V.V. (2002a). “Orthographic problems” of the morphology of the Ukrainian literary language. Scientific Bulletin of Lesya Ukrainka Volyn State University, 5, 27–30 (in Ukr.).
Nimchuk, V.V. (2002b). Problems of Ukrainian orthography of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Kamianets-Podilskyi: Kamianets-Podilskyi derzhavnyi pedahohichnyi universytet, informatsiino-vydavnychyi viddil (in Ukr.).
Nimchuk, V.V., Puriaieva, N.V. (Еds.). (2004). History of Ukrainian orthography of the 16th–20th centuries: an anthology. Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Ponomariv, O.D. (1997). Proposals for the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography”. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 79–81). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Samiilenko, S.P. (1964). Essays on the historical morphology of the Ukrainian language. Ch. I. Kyiv: Radianska shkola (in Ukr.).
Shevelov, Yu. (2009). This is how we were taught the correct pronunciation. Shevelov Yu. Selected works: in 2 books. Book I. Linguistics. 2nd edition (pp. 280–333). Kyiv: Vyd. dim “Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia” (in Ukr.).
Syniavskyi, O. (1922). Ukrainian language guide. Kharkiv – Berlin – Niu-York: Ukraino-amerykanske vyd. t-vo “Kosmos” (in Ukr.).
Syniavskyi, O. (2018). Norms of the Ukrainian literary language; reprint from the edition of 1931. Kyiv: Vyd. dim Dmytra Buraho. (Original work published) (in Ukr.).
Taranenko, O.O. (1997). Linguistic and social complex of problems surrounding modern Ukrainian Оrthography. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 12–18). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Taranenko, O.O. (2005). Modern trends in revising the normative foundations of the Ukrainian literary language and the phenomenon of purism (within the grammatical categories of the noun). Movoznavstvo, 3–4, 85–104 (in Ukr.).
The most important rules of Ukrainian Оrthography (1921). Kyiv (in Ukr.).
The most important rules of Ukrainian Оrthography (new edition) (1925). Kyiv (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography (1929). The first edition. Kharkiv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukrainy (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography (1933). Kharkiv: Radianska shkola (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography (1993). 4th ed., ed. and added. Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography (2019). Kyiv: Naukova dumka (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography (project) (1926). Kharkiv: Derzhavne vydavnytstvo Ukrainy (in Ukr.).
Ukrainian Оrthography: The project of the latest edition (1999). Kyiv (in Ukr.).
Uzhchenko, V.D. (1997). Some recommendations for the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography”. Ukrainian Оrthography: yes and no: Discussion of the new edition of “Ukrainian Оrthography” (pp. 160–161). Kyiv: UNVTs “Ridna mova”: Dovira (in Ukr.).
Vykhovanets, I. (2004). Non-scientific passions around Ukrainian orthography. Ukrainian language, 2, 3–24 (in Ukr.).

LIST OF LEXICOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
Holoskevych, H. (1994). Orthographic slovnyk. Edition 12. Niu-York – Paryzh – Sydnei – Toronto – Lviv (in Ukr.).
Hrinchenko, B. (Ed.). (1907–1909). Dictionary of the Ukrainian language: in 4 vol.; reprint from the edition of 1907–1909. Kyiv (in Ukr.).
Doroshenko, M., Stanyslavskyi, M., Strashkevych, V. (Eds.). (2018). Business Language Dictionary. Terminology and phraseology; reprint from the edition of 1930. Kyiv (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Iziumov, O. (1930). Ukrainian-Russian Dictionary. Edition 4. Kharkiv – Kyiv (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Krymskyi, A., Yefremov, S. (Eds.). (1924–1933). Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary: in 4 vol. Vol. 1; reprint from the edition of 1924. Kyiv; Vol. 2. Part 1; reprint from the edition of 1929. Kyiv: Vydavnychyj Dim D. Burago; Vol. 2. Part 2; reprint from the edition of 1932. Kyiv; Vol. 3. Part. 1; reprint from the edition of 1927. Kyiv; Vol. 3. Part. 2; reprint from the edition of 1928. Kyiv (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Pidmohylnyi, V., Pluzhnyk, Ye. (Eds.). (1993). Russian-Ukrainian phraseological dictionary. Phraseology of business language; reprint from the edition of 1927. Kyiv: UKSP “Kobza” (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Umanets M., Spilka A. (Komar M.) (Eds.). (1924). Russian-Ukrainian dictionary; reprint from the edition of 1893. Berlin (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Nikovskyi, A. (Ed.). (2018). Ukrainian-Russian dictionary; reprint from the edition of 1926. Kyiv: Vydavnychyi dim Dmytra Buraho (in Ukr.; in Rus.).
Ohiienko, I. (1924). Ukrainian stylistic dictionary. Lviv (in Ukr.).